Intra-Assay Precision | Inter-Assay Precision | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
n | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
Mean | 1.07 | 3.3 | 6.71 | 1.09 | 3.26 | 6.51 |
Standard Deviation | 0.024 | 0.066 | 0.129 | 0.073 | 0.22 | 0.406 |
CV% | 2.2 | 2 | 1.9 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.2 |
Intra-Assay Precision | Inter-Assay Precision | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
n | 20 | 20 | 20 | 41 | 41 | 41 |
Mean | 1.96 | 11.5 | 22.1 | 1.83 | 10.5 | 20.3 |
Standard Deviation | 0.17 | 0.49 | 0.68 | 0.19 | 0.76 | 1.5 |
CV% | 8.7 | 4.3 | 3.1 | 10.4 | 7.2 | 7.4 |
The recovery of TNF-alpha was determined by spiking to three different levels throughout the range of the assay in various matrices.
Sample Type | Average % Recovery | Range % |
---|---|---|
EDTA Plasma (n=4) | 97 | 80-111 |
Heparin Plasma (n=4) | 96 | 80-111 |
Serum (n=4) | 94 | 83-103 |
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), also known as cachectin and TNFSF2, is the prototypic ligand of the TNF superfamily. It is a pleiotropic molecule that plays a central role in inflammation, apoptosis, and immune system development. TNF-α is produced by a wide variety of immune and epithelial cell types. Human TNF-α consists of a 35 amino acid (aa) cytoplasmic domain, a 21 aa transmembrane segment, and a 177 aa extracellular domain (ECD). Within the ECD, human TNF-α shares 97% aa sequence identity with rhesus and 71% - 92% with bovine, canine, cotton rat, equine, feline, mouse, porcine, and rat TNF-α. The 26 kDa type 2 transmembrane protein is assembled intracellularly to form a noncovalently linked homotrimer. Ligation of this complex induces reverse signaling that promotes lymphocyte costimulation but diminishes monocyte responsiveness.
Cleavage of membrane bound TNF-α by TACE/ADAM17 releases a 55 kDa soluble trimeric form of TNF-α. TNF-α trimers bind the ubiquitous TNF RI and the hematopoietic cell-restricted TNF RII, both of which are also expressed as homotrimers. TNF-α regulates lymphoid tissue development through control of apoptosis. It also promotes inflammatory responses by inducing the activation of vascular endothelial cells and macrophages. TNF-α is a key cytokine in the development of several inflammatory disorders. It contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes through its effects on insulin resistance and fatty acid metabolism.
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